Travel Journals
What improves access to primary healthcare services in rural communities? A systematic review | BMC Primary Care

Hampton MB, Kettle AJ, Winterbourn CC. Inside the neutrophil phagosome: oxidants, myeloperoxidase, and bacterial killing. Blood. 1998;92(9):3007–17.
Kirby M. The right to health fifty years on: Still skeptical? Health Hum Rights. 1999;4(1):6–25.
O’Connell T, Rasanathan K, Chopra M. What does universal health coverage mean? The Lancet. 2014;383(9913):277–9.
White F. Primary health care and public health: foundations of universal health systems. Med Princ Pract. 2015;24(2):103–16.
Sanders D, Nandi S, Labonté R, Vance C, Van Damme W. From primary health care to universal health coverage—one step forward and two steps back. The Lancet. 2019;394(10199):619–21.
Brezzi M, Luongo P. Regional Disparities In Access To Health Care. 2016.
Hartley D. Rural health disparities, population health, and rural culture. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(10):1675–8.
Walraven G. The 2018 Astana declaration on primary health care, is it useful? J Glob Health. 2019;9(1).
Gillam S. Is the declaration of Alma Ata still relevant to primary health care? BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2008;336(7643):536–8.
Tollman S, Doherty J, Mulligan JA. General Primary Care. In: Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, Jha P, Mills A, Musgrove P, editors. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. Washington: World Bank The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank Group; 2006. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11789/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK11789.pdf.
Stern C, Jordan Z, McArthur A. Developing the review question and inclusion criteria. AJN The Am J Nurs. 2014;114(4):53–6.
World Health Organization. losing the gap in a generation. Commission on Social Determinants of Health FINAL REPORT. 2008. Available at https://www.who.int/social_determinants/final_report/csdh_finalreport_2008.pdf. Accessed on 22 March 2022.
Hong QN, Pluye P, Fàbregues S, Bartlett G, Boardman F, Cargo M, Dagenais P, GagnonM-P GF, Nicolau B, O’Cathain A. Mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT), version 2018. Canada: IC Canadian Intellectual Property Office, Industry; 2018. Available at https://mixedmethodsappraisaltoolpublicpbworks.com/w/file/fetch/127916259/MMAT_2018_criteria-manual_2018-08-01_ENG.pdf.
JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. Appendix 8.1 JBI Mixed Methods Data Extraction Form following a Convergent Integrated Approach. Available at https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/3318284375/Appendix+8.1+JBI+Mixed+Methods+Data+Extraction+Form+following+a+Convergent+Integrated+Approach. Accessed on 12 August 2021.
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.
Assefa Y, Gelaw YA, Hill PS, Taye BW, Van Damme W. Community health extension program of Ethiopia, 2003–2018: successes and challenges toward universal coverage for primary healthcare services. Glob Health. 2019;15(1):1–11.
Admassie A, Abebaw D, Woldemichael AD. Impact evaluation of the Ethiopian health services extension programme. J Dev Eff. 2009;1(4):430–49.
Yitayal M, Berhane Y, Worku A, Kebede Y. The community-based Health extension Program significantly improved contraceptive utilization in West gojjam Zone, ethiopia. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2014;7:201.
Croke K, Mengistu AT, O’Connell SD, Tafere K. The impact of a health facility construction campaign on health service utilisation and outcomes: analysis of spatially linked survey and facility location data in Ethiopia. BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5(8):e002430.
Arwal S. Health Posts in Afghanistan. J Gen Practice. 2015;3(213):2.
Negussie A, Girma G. Is the role of Health Extension Workers in the delivery of maternal and child health care services a significant attribute? The case of Dale district, southern Ethiopia. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17(1):1–8.
Than KK, Mohamed Y, Oliver V, Myint T, La T, Beeson JG, Luchters S. Prevention of postpartum haemorrhage by community-based auxiliary midwives in hard-to-reach areas of Myanmar: a qualitative inquiry into acceptability and feasibility of task shifting. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17(1):1–10.
Medhanyie A, Spigt M, Kifle Y, Schaay N, Sanders D, Blanco R, GeertJan D, Berhane Y. The role of health extension workers in improving utilization of maternal health services in rural areas in Ethiopia: a cross sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12(1):1–9.
Sakeah E, McCloskey L, Bernstein J, Yeboah-Antwi K, Mills S, Doctor HV. Can community health officer-midwives effectively integrate skilled birth attendance in the community-based health planning and services program in rural Ghana? Reprod Health. 2014;11(1):1–13.
Sarmento DR. Traditional birth attendance (TBA) in a health system: what are the roles, benefits and challenges: a case study of incorporated TBA in Timor-Leste. Asia Pac Fam Med. 2014;13(1):1–9.
Rahmawati R, Bajorek B. Peer Reviewed: A Community Health Worker-Based Program for Elderly People with Hypertension in Indonesia: A Qualitative Study, 2013. Prev Chronic Dis. 2015;12:E175.
Feltner FJ, Ely GE, Whitler ET, Gross D, Dignan M. Effectiveness of community health workers in providing outreach and education for colorectal cancer screening in Appalachian Kentucky. Soc Work Health Care. 2012;51(5):430–40.
Hughes MM, Yang E, Ramanathan D, Benjamins MR. Community-based diabetes community health worker intervention in an underserved Chicago population. J Community Health. 2016;41(6):1249–56.
Panday S, Bissell P, Van Teijlingen E, Simkhada P. The contribution of female community health volunteers (FCHVs) to maternity care in Nepal: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17(1):1–11.
Datiko DG, Lindtjørn B. Health extension workers improve tuberculosis case detection and treatment success in southern Ethiopia: a community randomized trial. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(5):e5443.
le Roux KW, Almirol E, Rezvan PH, Le Roux IM, Mbewu N, Dippenaar E, Stansert-Katzen L, Baker V, Tomlinson M, Rotheram-Borus M. Community health workers impact on maternal and child health outcomes in rural South Africa–a non-randomized two-group comparison study. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1–14.
Witmer A, Seifer SD, Finocchio L, Leslie J, O’Neil EH. Community health workers: integral members of the health care work force. Am J Public Health. 1995;85(8 Pt 1):1055–8.
Wright RA. Community-oriented primary care. The cornerstone of health care reform. Jama. 1993;269(19):2544–7.
Makaula P, Bloch P, Banda HT, Mbera GB, Mangani C, de Sousa A, Nkhono E, Jemu S, Muula AS. Primary Health Care in rural Malawi – a qualitative assessment exploring the relevance of the community-directed interventions approach. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12:328.
Katabarwa MN, Habomugisha P, Richards FO Jr, Hopkins D. Community-directed interventions strategy enhances efficient and effective integration of health care delivery and development activities in rural disadvantaged communities of Uganda. Trop Med Int Health : TM & IH. 2005;10(4):312–21.
Madon S, Malecela MN, Mashoto K, Donohue R, Mubyazi G, Michael E. The role of community participation for sustainable integrated neglected tropical diseases and water, sanitation and hygiene intervention programs: A pilot project in Tanzania. Soc Sci Med. 1982;2018(202):28–37.
Okeibunor JC, Orji BC, Brieger W, Ishola G, Otolorin E, Rawlins B, Ndekhedehe EU, Onyeneho N, Fink G. Preventing malaria in pregnancy through community-directed interventions: evidence from Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Malaria J. 2011;10:227.
Brieger WR, Sommerfeld JU, Amazigo UV. The Potential for Community-Directed Interventions: Reaching Underserved Populations in Africa. Int Q Community Health Educ. 2015;35(4):295–316.
Braimah JA, Sano Y, Atuoye KN, Luginaah I. Access to primary health care among women: the role of Ghana’s community-based health planning and services policy. Prim Health Care Res Dev. 2019;20:e82.
Kaplan DW, Brindis CD, Phibbs SL, Melinkovich P, Naylor K, Ahlstrand K. A comparison study of an elementary school–based health center: effects on health care access and use. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153(3):235–43.
Allison MA, Crane LA, Beaty BL, Davidson AJ, Melinkovich P, Kempe A. School-based health centers: improving access and quality of care for low-income adolescents. Pediatrics. 2007;120(4):e887–94.
Keeton V, Soleimanpour S, Brindis CD. School-based health centers in an era of health care reform: Building on history. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2012;42(6):132–56.
Brindis CD, Klein J, Schlitt J, Santelli J, Juszczak L, Nystrom RJ. School-based health centers: Accessibility and accountability. J Adolesc Health. 2003;32(6):98–107.
Hutchinson P, Carton TW, Broussard M, Brown L, Chrestman S. Improving adolescent health through school-based health centers in post-Katrina New Orleans. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2012;34(2):360–8.
Paschall MJ, Bersamin M. School-based health centers, depression, and suicide risk among adolescents. Am J Prev Med. 2018;54(1):44–50.
Minguez M, Santelli JS, Gibson E, Orr M, Samant S. Reproductive health impact of a school health center. J Adolesc Health. 2015;56(3):338–44.
Gibson EJ, Santelli JS, Minguez M, Lord A, Schuyler AC. Measuring school health center impact on access to and quality of primary care. J Adolesc Health. 2013;53(6):699–705.
Bozigar M. A Cross-Sectional Survey to Evaluate Potential for Partnering With School Nurses to Promote Human Papillomavirus Vaccination. Prev Chronic Dis. 2020;17:E111.
Suen J, Attrill S, Thomas JM, Smale M, Delaney CL, Miller MD. Effect of student-led health interventions on patient outcomes for those with cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2020;20(1):1–10.
Atuyambe LM, Baingana RK, Kibira SP, Katahoire A, Okello E, Mafigiri DK, Ayebare F, Oboke H, Acio C, Muggaga K. Undergraduate students’ contributions to health service delivery through communitybased education. BMC Med Educ. 2016;16:123.
Stuhlmiller CM, Tolchard B. Developing a student-led health and wellbeing clinic in an underserved community: collaborative learning, health outcomes and cost savings. BMC Nurs. 2015;14(1):1–8.
Campbell DJ, Gibson K, O’Neill BG, Thurston WE. The role of a student-run clinic in providing primary care for Calgary’s homeless populations: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13(1):1–6.
Simpson SA, Long JA. Medical student-run health clinics: important contributors to patient care and medical education. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(3):352–6.
Gruen RL, O’Rourke IC, Bailie RS, d’Abbs PH, O’Brien MM, Verma N. Improving access to specialist care for remote Aboriginal communities: evaluation of a specialist outreach service. Med J Aust. 2001;174(10):507–11.
Gruen RL, Weeramanthri T, Bailie R. Outreach and improved access to specialist services for indigenous people in remote Australia: the requirements for sustainability. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2002;56(7):517–21.
Gruen RL, Bailie RS, Wang Z, Heard S, O’Rourke IC. Specialist outreach to isolated and disadvantaged communities: a population-based study. The Lancet. 2006;368(9530):130–8.
Bond M, Bowling A, Abery A, McClay M, Dickinson E. Evaluation of outreach clinics held by specialists in general practice in England. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54(2):149–56.
Irani M, Dixon M, Dean JD. Care closer to home: past mistakes, future opportunities. J R Soc Med. 2007;100(2):75–7.
Bailey JJ, Black ME, Wilkin D. Specialist outreach clinics in general practice. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 1994;308(6936):1083–6.
De Roodenbeke E, Lucas S, Rouzaut A, Bana F. Outreach services as a strategy to increase access to health workers in remote and rural areas. Geneva: WHO; 2011.
Bowling A, Stramer K, Dickinson E, Windsor J, Bond M. Evaluation of specialists’ outreach clinics in general practice in England: process and acceptability to patients, specialists, and general practitioners. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1997;51(1):52–61.
Spencer N. Consultant paediatric outreach clinics–a practical step in integration. Arch Dis Child. 1993;68(4):496–500.
Aljasir B, Alghamdi MS. Patient satisfaction with mobile clinic services in a remote rural area of Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Health J. 2010;16(10):1085–90.
Lee EJ, O’Neal S. A mobile clinic experience: nurse practitioners providing care to a rural population. J Pediatr Health Care. 1994;8(1):12–7.
Cone PH, Haley JM. Mobile clinics in Haiti, part 1: Preparing for service-learning. Nurse Educ Pract. 2016;21:1–8.
Diaz-Perez Mde J, Farley T, Cabanis CM. A program to improve access to health care among Mexican immigrants in rural Colorado. J Rural Health. 2004;20(3):258–64.
Hill C, Zurakowski D, Bennet J, Walker-White R, Osman JL, Quarles A, Oriol N. Knowledgeable Neighbors: a mobile clinic model for disease prevention and screening in underserved communities. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(3):406–10.
Edgerley LP, El-Sayed YY, Druzin ML, Kiernan M, Daniels KI. Use of a community mobile health van to increase early access to prenatal care. Matern Child Health J. 2007;11(3):235–9.
Peters G, Doctor H, Afenyadu G, Findley S, Ager A. Mobile clinic services to serve rural populations in Katsina State, Nigeria: perceptions of services and patterns of utilization. Health Policy Plan. 2014;29(5):642–9.
Neke NM, Gadau G, Wasem J. Policy makers’ perspective on the provision of maternal health services via mobile health clinics in Tanzania—Findings from key informant interviews. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(9):e0203588.
Padmadas SS, Johnson FA, Leone T, Dahal GP. Do mobile family planning clinics facilitate vasectomy use in Nepal? Contraception. 2014;89(6):557–63.
Macinko J, Harris MJ. Brazil’s family health strategy—delivering community-based primary care in a universal health system. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(23):2177–81.
Macinko J, Lima Costa MF. Access to, use of and satisfaction with health services among adults enrolled in Brazil’s Family Health Strategy: evidence from the 2008 National Household Survey. Tropical Med Int Health. 2012;17(1):36–42.
Dourado I, Oliveira VB, Aquino R, Bonolo P, Lima-Costa MF, Medina MG, Mota E, Turci MA, Macinko J. Trends in primary health care-sensitive conditions in Brazil: the role of the Family Health Program (Project ICSAP-Brazil). Medical care. 2011;49:577–84.
Aquino R, De Oliveira NF, Barreto ML. Impact of the family health program on infant mortality in Brazilian municipalities. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(1):87–93.
Chong P-N, Tang WE. Transforming primary care—the way forward with the TEAMS2 approach. Fam Pract. 2019;36(3):369–70.
Primary Health Care Performance Initiatives (phcpi). Improvement strategies model: Population health management: Empanelment. Available at https://improvingphc.org/sites/default/files/Empanelment%20-%20v1.2%20-%20last%20updated%2012.13.2019.pdf. Accessed on 18 March 2022.
McGough P, Chaudhari V, El-Attar S, Yung P. A health system’s journey toward better population health through empanelment and panel management. Healthcare. 2018;6(66):1–9.
Bearden T, Ratcliffe HL, Sugarman JR, Bitton A, Anaman LA, Buckle G, Cham M, Quan DCW, Ismail F, Jargalsaikhan B. Empanelment: A foundational component of primary health care. Gates Open Res. 2019;3:1654.
Hsiao WC. Unmet health needs of two billion: is community financing a solution? 2001.
Wang W, Temsah G, Mallick L. The impact of health insurance on maternal health care utilization: evidence from Ghana, Indonesia and Rwanda. Health Policy Plan. 2017;32(3):366–75.
Atnafu DD, Tilahun H, Alemu YM. Community-based health insurance and healthcare service utilisation, North-West, Ethiopia: a comparative, cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(8):e019613.
USAID. Ethiopia’s Community-based Health Insurance: A Step on the Road to Universal Health Coverage. Available at https://www.hfgproject.org/ethiopias-community-based-health-insurance-step-road-universal-health-coverage/. Accessed on 18 March 2022.
Blanchet NJ, Fink G, Osei-Akoto I. The effect of Ghana’s National Health Insurance Scheme on health care utilisation. Ghana Med J. 2012;46(2):76–84.
Nshakira-Rukundo E, Mussa EC, Nshakira N, Gerber N, von Braun J. Impact of community-based health insurance on utilisation of preventive health services in rural Uganda: a propensity score matching approach. Int J Health Econ Manag. 2021;21(2):203–27.
Mwaura JW, Pongpanich S. Access to health care: the role of a community based health insurance in Kenya. Pan Afr Med J. 2012;12(1):35.
Jutting JP. The Impact Of Health Insurance On The Access To Health Care And Financial Protection In Rural Developing Countries: The Example of Senegal. HNP discussion paper series;. World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank. 2011. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/13774. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Balamiento NC. The impact of social health insurance on healthcare utilization outcomes: evidence from the indigent program of the Philippine National Health Insurance. International Institute of Social Studies. 2018. Available at https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/46445/Balamiento,%20Neeanne_MA_2017_18%20_ECD.pdf. Accessed 30 Nov 2022.
Farrell CM, Gottlieb A. The effect of health insurance on health care utilization in the justice-involved population: United States, 2014–2016. Am J Public Health. 2020;110(S1):S78–84.
Thuong NTT. Impact of health insurance on healthcare utilisation patterns in Vietnam: a survey-based analysis with propensity score matching method. BMJ Open. 2020;10(10):e040062.
Custodio R, Gard AM, Graham G. Health information technology: addressing health disparity by improving quality, increasing access, and developing workforce. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2009;20(2):301–7.
Meier CA, Fitzgerald MC, Smith JM. eHealth: extending, enhancing, and evolving health care. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2013;15:359–82.
Anstey Watkins JOT, Goudge J, Gomez-Olive FX, Griffiths F. Mobile phone use among patients and health workers to enhance primary healthcare: A qualitative study in rural South Africa. Soc Sci Med. 1982;2018(198):139–47.
Kuntalp M, Akar O. A simple and low-cost Internet-based teleconsultation system that could effectively solve the health care access problems in underserved areas of developing countries. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2004;75(2):117–26.
Price M, Yuen EK, Goetter EM, Herbert JD, Forman EM, Acierno R, Ruggiero KJ. mHealth: a mechanism to deliver more accessible, more effective mental health care. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2014;21(5):427–36.
Bashshur RL, Shannon GW, Krupinski EA, Grigsby J, Kvedar JC, Weinstein RS, Sanders JH, Rheuban KS, Nesbitt TS, Alverson DC, et al. National telemedicine initiatives: essential to healthcare reform. Telemed J E Health. 2009;15(6):600–10.
Norton SA, Burdick AE, Phillips CM, Berman B. Teledermatology and underserved populations. Arch Dermatol. 1997;133(2):197–200.
Raza T, Joshi M, Schapira RM, Agha Z. Pulmonary telemedicine–a model to access the subspecialist services in underserved rural areas. Int J Med Informatics. 2009;78(1):53–9.
Shouneez YH. Smartphone hearing screening in mHealth assisted community-based primary care. UPSpace Institutional Repository, Department of Liberary Service. Dissertation (MCommPath)–University of Pretoria. 2016. Available at http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53477. Accessed 17 Mar 2022.
Marcin JP, Ellis J, Mawis R, Nagrampa E, Nesbitt TS, Dimand RJ. Using telemedicine to provide pediatric subspecialty care to children with special health care needs in an underserved rural community. Pediatrics. 2004;113(1 Pt 1):1–6.
Olu O, Muneene D, Bataringaya JE, Nahimana M-R, Ba H, Turgeon Y, Karamagi HC, Dovlo D. How can digital health technologies contribute to sustainable attainment of universal health coverage in Africa? A perspective. Front Public Health. 2019;7:341.
Ryan MH, Yoder J, Flores SK, Soh J, Vanderbilt AA. Using health information technology to reach patients in underserved communities: A pilot study to help close the gap with health disparities. Global J Health Sci. 2016;8(6):86.
Buckwalter KC, Davis LL, Wakefield BJ, Kienzle MG, Murray MA. Telehealth for elders and their caregivers in rural communities. Fam Community Health. 2002;25(3):31–40.
WHO Regional Committee for Africa. Promoting the role of traditional medicine in health systems: a strategy for the African Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Africa. Available at http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/95467..
Mishra SR, Neupane D, Kallestrup P. Integrating complementary and alternative medicine into conventional health care system in developing countries: an example of Amchi. J Evid-Based Complementary Altern Med. 2015;20(1):76–9.
Mbwambo ZH, Mahunnah RL, Kayombo EJ. Traditional health practitioner and the scientist: bridging the gap in contemporary health research in Tanzania. Tanzan Health Res Bull. 2007;9(2):115–20.
Poudyal AK, Jimba M, Murakami I, Silwal RC, Wakai S, Kuratsuji T. A traditional healers’ training model in rural Nepal: strengthening their roles in community health. Trop Med Int Health : TM & IH. 2003;8(10):956–60.
Payyappallimana U. Role of Traditional Medicine in Primary Health Care: An Overview of Perspectives and Challenges. Yokohama J Social Sciences. 2009;14(6):723–43.
Kange’ethe SM. Traditional healers as caregivers to HIV/AIDS clients and other terminally challenged persons in Kanye community home-based care programme (CHBC), Botswana. SAHARA J. 2009;6(2):83–91.
Habtom GK. Integrating traditional medical practice with primary healthcare system in Eritrea. J Complement Integr Med. 2015;12(1):71–87.
Ejaz I, Shaikh BT, Rizvi N. NGOs and government partnership for health systems strengthening: a qualitative study presenting viewpoints of government, NGOs and donors in Pakistan. BMC Health Serv Res. 2011;11(1):1–7.
Wu FS. International non-governmental actors in HIV/AIDS prevention in China. Cell Res. 2005;15(11):919–22.
Biermann O, Eckhardt M, Carlfjord S, Falk M, Forsberg BC. Collaboration between non-governmental organizations and public services in health–a qualitative case study from rural Ecuador. Glob Health Action. 2016;9(1):32237.
Mercer A, Khan MH, Daulatuzzaman M, Reid J. Effectiveness of an NGO primary health care programme in rural Bangladesh: evidence from the management information system. Health Policy Plan. 2004;19(4):187–98.
Baqui AH, Rosecrans AM, Williams EK, Agrawal PK, Ahmed S, Darmstadt GL, Kumar V, Kiran U, Panwar D, Ahuja RC. NGO facilitation of a government community-based maternal and neonatal health programme in rural India: improvements in equity. Health Policy Plan. 2008;23(4):234–43.
Ricca J, Kureshy N, LeBan K, Prosnitz D, Ryan L. Community-based intervention packages facilitated by NGOs demonstrate plausible evidence for child mortality impact. Health Policy Plan. 2014;29(2):204–16.
Ahmed N, DeRoeck D, Sadr-Azodi N. Private sector engagement and contributions to immunisation service delivery and coverage in Sudan. BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4(2):e001414.
Edimond BJ. The Contribution of Non-Governmental Organizations in Delivery of Basic Health Services in Partnership with Local Government. Doctoral Dissertation, Uganda Martyrs University. 2014.
Chand S, Patterson J: Faith-Based Models for Improving Maternal and Newborn Health. IMA World Health and ActionAid International USA, 2007 Available at https://imaworldhealthorg/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/faith_based_models_for_improving_maternal_and_newborn_health.pdf
Magezi V. Churchdriven primary health care: Models for an integrated church and community primary health care in Africa (a case study of the Salvation Army in East Africa). HTS Teologiese Studies/ Theological Studies. 2018;74(2):4365.
Villatoro AP, Dixon E, Mays VM. Faith-based organizations and the Affordable Care Act: Reducing Latino mental health care disparities. Psychol Serv. 2016;13(1):92–104.
Levin J. Faith-based initiatives in health promotion: history, challenges, and current partnerships. American journal of health promotion : AJHP. 2014;28(3):139–41.
Green A, Shaw J, Dimmock F, Conn C. A shared mission? Changing relationships between government and church health services in Africa. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2002;17(4):333–53.
Bandy G, Crouch A. Building from common foundations : the World Health Organization and faith-based organizations in primary healthcare. World Health Organization; 2008. Available at https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43884. Accessed 16 Mar 2022.
Zahnd WE, Jenkins WD, Shackelford J, Lobb R, Sanders J, Bailey A. Rural cancer screening and faith community nursing in the era of the Affordable Care Act. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2018;29(1):71–80.
Wagle K. Primary Health Care (PHC): History, Principles, Pillars, Elements & Challenges. Global Health, 2020. Available at https://www.publichealthnotes.com/primary-health-care-phc-history-principles-pillars-elements-challenges/. Accessed 4 June 2022.
Bhatt J, Bathija P. Ensuring access to quality health care in vulnerable communities. Acad Med. 2018;93(9):1271.
Arvey SR, Fernandez ME. Identifying the core elements of effective community health worker programs: a research agenda. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(9):1633–7.
Pennel CL, McLeroy KR, Burdine JN, Matarrita-Cascante D, Wang J. Community health needs assessment: potential for population health improvement. Popul Health Manag. 2016;19(3):178–86.
Chudgar RB, Shirey LA, Sznycer-Taub M, Read R, Pearson RL, Erwin PC. Local health department and academic institution linkages for community health assessment and improvement processes: a national overview and local case study. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2014;20(3):349–55.
Desta FA, Shifa GT, Dagoye DW, Carr C, Van Roosmalen J, Stekelenburg J, Nedi AB, Kols A, Kim YM. Identifying gaps in the practices of rural health extension workers in Ethiopia: a task analysis study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17(1):1–9.
Lehmann U, Sanders D. Community health workers: what do we know about them. The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impact on health outcomes of using community health workers Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007. Available at https://www.hrhresourcecenter.org/node/1587.html. Accessed 17 Mar 2022.
Chen N, Raghavan M, Albert J, McDaniel A, Otiso L, Kintu R, West M, Jacobstein D. The community health systems reform cycle: strengthening the integration of community health worker programs through an institutional reform perspective. Global Health: Sci Practice. 2021;9(Supplement 1):S32–46.
Roser M, Ortiz-Ospina E: Global rise of education. Our World in Data 2017. Available at https://ourworldindata.org/global-rise-of-education. Accessed on 29 May 2019.
Santelli J, Morreale M, Wigton A, Grason H. School health centers and primary care for adolescents: a review of the literature. J Adolesc Health. 1996;18(5):357–66.
Wade TJ, Mansour ME, Guo JJ, Huentelman T, Line K, Keller KN. Access and utilization patterns of school-based health centers at urban and rural elementary and middle schools. Public Health Reports. 2008;123(6):739–50.
Johnson I, Hunter L, Chestnutt IG. Undergraduate students’ experiences of outreach placements in dental secondary care settings. Eur J Dent Educ. 2012;16(4):213–7.
Ndira S, Ssebadduka D, Niyonzima N, Sewankambo N, Royall J. Tackling malaria, village by village: a report on a concerted information intervention by medical students and the community in Mifumi Eastern Uganda. Afr Health Sci. 2014;14(4):882–8.
Frakes K-a, Brownie S, Davies L, Thomas JB, Miller M-E, Tyack Z. Capricornia Allied Health Partnership (CAHP): a case study of an innovative model of care addressing chronic disease through a regional student-assisted clinic. Aust Health Rev. 2014;38(5):483–6.
Frakes KA, Brownie S, Davies L, Thomas J, Miller ME, Tyack Z. The sociodemographic and health-related characteristics of a regional population with chronic disease at an interprofessional student-assisted clinic in Q ueensland C apricornia A llied H ealth P artnership. Aust J Rural Health. 2013;21(2):97–104.
Frakes K-A, Tyzack Z, Miller M, Davies L, Swanston A, Brownie S. The Capricornia Project: Developing and implementing an interprofessional student-assisted allied health clinic. 2011.
Frakes K-A, Brownie S, Davies L, Thomas J, Miller M-E, Tyack Z. Experiences from an interprofessional student-assisted chronic disease clinic. J Interprof Care. 2014;28(6):573–5.
Schutte T, Tichelaar J, Dekker RS, van Agtmael MA, de Vries TP, Richir MC. Learning in student-run clinics: A systematic review. Med Educ. 2015;49(3):249–63.
Paim J, Travassos C, Almeida C, Bahia L, Macinko J. The Brazilian health system: history, advances, and challenges. The Lancet. 2011;377(9779):1778–97.
Rocha R, Soares RR. Evaluating the impact of community-based health interventions: evidence from Brazil’s Family Health Program. Health Econ. 2010;19(S1):126–58.
Rasella D, Harhay MO, Pamponet ML, Aquino R, Barreto ML. Impact of primary health care on mortality from heart and cerebrovascular diseases in Brazil: a nationwide analysis of longitudinal data. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2014;349:g4014.
Harris M. Brazil’s Family Health Programme: A cost effective success that higher income countries could learn from. BMJ: Br Med J. 2010;341(7784):1171–2.
Starfield B. Is primary care essential? The lancet. 1994;344(8930):1129–33.
Donfouet HPP, Mahieu P-A. Community-based health insurance and social capital: a review. Heal Econ Rev. 2012;2(1):1–5.
Zhang L, Wang H, Wang L, Hsiao W. Social capital and farmer’s willingness-to-join a newly established community-based health insurance in rural China. Health Policy. 2006;76(2):233–42.
Donfouet HPP. Essombè J-RE, Mahieu P-A, Malin E: Social capital and willingness-to-pay for community-based health insurance in rural Cameroon. Global J Health Sci. 2011;3(1):142.
Grunau J. Exploring people’s motivation to join or not to join the community-based health insurance’Sina Passenang’in Sotouboua, Togo. 2013.
Gitahi JW. Innovative Healthcare Financing and Equity through Community Based Health Insurance Schemes (CBHHIS) In Kenya. United States International University-Africa Digital Repository. Available at http://erepo.usiu.ac.ke/11732/3654. Accessed 18 May 2022.
Carrin G, Waelkens MP, Criel B. Community-based health insurance in developing countries: a study of its contribution to the performance of health financing systems. Tropical Med Int Health. 2005;10(8):799–811.
Umeh CA, Feeley FG. Inequitable access to health care by the poor in community-based health insurance programs: a review of studies from low-and middle-income countries. Global Health: Science And Practice. 2017;5(2):299–314.
Odebiyi AI. Western trained nurses’ assessment of the different categories of traditional healers in southwestern Nigeria. Int J Nurs Stud. 1990;27(4):333–42.
Abdullahi AA. Trends and challenges of traditional medicine in Africa. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med : AJTCAM. 2011;8(5 Suppl):115–23.
Taye OR. Yoruba Traditional Medicine and the Challenge of Integration. The J Pan Afr Studies. 2009;3(3):73–90.
Konadu K. Medicine and Anthropology in Twentieth Century Africa: Akan Medicine and Encounters with (Medical) Anthropology. African Studies Quarterly. 2008;10(2 & 3).
Benzie IF, Wachtel-Galor S: Herbal medicine: biomolecular and clinical aspects. 2nd Ed. 2011. Available at https://www.crcpress.com/Herbal-Medicine-Biomolecular-and-Clinical-Aspects-Second-Edition/Benzie-Wachtel-Galor/p/book/9781439807132. Accessed 21 May 2022.
Ejughemre U. Donor support and the impacts on health system strengthening in sub-saharan africa: assessing the evidence through a review of the literature. Am J Public Health Res. 2013;1(7):146–51.
Seppey M, Ridde V, Touré L, Coulibaly A. Donor-funded project’s sustainability assessment: a qualitative case study of a results-based financing pilot in Koulikoro region. Mali Globalization and health. 2017;13(1):1–15.
Shaw RP, Wang H, Kress D, Hovig D. Donor and domestic financing of primary health care in low income countries. Health Systems & Reform. 2015;1(1):72–88.
Gotsadze G, Chikovani I, Sulaberidze L, Gotsadze T, Goguadze K, Tavanxhi N. The challenges of transition from donor-funded programs: results from a theory-driven multi-country comparative case study of programs in Eastern Europe and Central Asia supported by the Global Fund. Global Health: Science and Practice. 2019;7(2):258–72.
Ascroft J, Sweeney R, Samei M, Semos I, Morgan C. Strengthening church and government partnerships for primary health care delivery in Papua New Guinea: Lessons from the international experience. Health policy and health finance knowledge hub Working paper series. 2011(16).
Campbell MK, Hudson MA, Resnicow K, Blakeney N, Paxton A, Baskin M. Church-based health promotion interventions: evidence and lessons learned. Annu Rev Public Health. 2007;28:213–34.
Olivier J, Wodon Q. The role of faith-inspired health care providers in Sub-Saharan Africa and public private partnerships: Strengthening the Evidence for faith-inspired health engagement in Africa, Volume 1. Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Paper Series 76223v1. Available at https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/851911468203673017. Accessed 20 May 2022.
Schumann C, Stroppa A, Moreira-Almeida A. The contribution of faith-based health organisations to public health. Int Psychiatry. 2011;8(3):62–4.
Travel Journals
Why are Titans spending next 2 weeks road tripping? Brian Callahan, players explain value

It’s still summer, but this sure won’t be a summer vacation.
The Tennessee Titans will spend parts of the next 10 days on the road, logging a total of nine nights in Tampa and Atlanta on a preseason road trip for joint practices and preseason games against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Atlanta Falcons. It won’t be the busiest slate; the Titans will only practice three times with two games in between, meaning there will be four off days. But it’ll be a stretch spent together, and, crucially to coach Brian Callahan, it’ll be a stretch where opponents will be able to start forming their opinions about the Titans.
Advertisement
“One of the things I’m really looking for is what do those teams say about us when we leave?” Callahan asks rhetorically. “What do they say about how we played, the intensity we practiced with? Those are all things we get to go make an imprint of what our team can be this year.”
ROSTER TALK: Tennessee Titans roster projection: 5 tweaks to 53-man depth chart after training camp Week 2
Callahan envisions this road trip as an opportunity for his players and coaches to get closer, continuing the ongoing trend of Callahan emphasizing connection and togetherness as team-building tacts. It’s also an opportunity to get ready for the long road trips the Titans will have to endure in the fall; the Titans travel to Phoenix, Denver, Las Vegas and San Francisco this season, with the Raiders and Cardinals trips coming in back-to-back weeks.
The players seem to be bought into the idea. Receiver Calvin Ridley says the trip will go a long way toward bringing the team together. Rookie tight end Gunnar Helm says he’s looking forward to getting closer with his teammates. And offensive tackle Dan Moore Jr., in his first year with the Titans, plans to take advantage of the closeness.
Advertisement
“I do think it’s a great time for us to bond us a team,” Moore said. “Spend some time on the road. Get to know each other a little bit better, spend a lot more time with each other and just come together.”
Practicing with the Buccaneers presents a long list of challenges. Coach Todd Bowles’ defense blitzes at one of the highest rates in the league, which should test quarterback Cam Ward and the offense’s readiness. Quarterback Baker Mayfield and the Bucs’ talented receiving corps, led by Mike Evans, will be a huge test for the secondary. And then there’s the Florida heat. The forecast calls for mid-90s temperatures and extreme heat with a “real feel” of 104 degrees by the time practice is going to be ending.
When asked if he has any advice for enduring the Florida summer heat, cornerback and Florida native Jarvis Brownlee Jr. said to keep hydrated. And then he repeated his advice four more times.
Another underrated element is these joint practices, and preseason games, will be the Titans’ first opportunities to experience unfriendly environments. Having enemy fans around isn’t high on the list of reasons to go on these trips, but it’s a factor.
Advertisement
“It’s gonna be us against everybody for the next 10 days,” Helm says.
Nick Suss is the Titans beat writer for The Tennessean. Contact Nick at nsuss@gannett.com. Follow Nick on X @nicksuss. Subscribe to the Talkin’ Titans newsletter for updates sent directly to your inbox.
This article originally appeared on Nashville Tennessean: Why Tennessee Titans are spending 10 days away from Nashville
Travel Journals
UK car drivers: share your memories and photos of your convertible | Motoring

According to a new study, convertibles have dwindled to a 25-year low with only 16 new models for sale across the UK’s most popular car manufacturers. SUVs are taking the rap for the decline of convertibles in Britain as people move towards favouring bulkier vehicles.
Data from CarGurus UK found that in 2024 there were only 12,173 new convertibles registered in the UK compared to 94,484 in 2004. One of cinema’s most iconic cars is probably the 1966 Ford Thunderbird convertible that Thelma and Louise drove on their their adventures.
We would like to hear from people who have, or previously had, a convertible. What are your best and worst memories? Did you do any road trips and where did you enjoy travelling to the most?
Share your experience
You can tell us your memories of your convertible car by filling in the form below.
If you’re having trouble using the form click here. Read terms of service here and privacy policy here.
Travel Journals
17 Road Trip Horror Movies to Watch Before Traveling for Your Summer Vacation – Creepy Catalog

Road trips remove us from the safety of our homes and take us out into the unknown. These horror movies depict all kinds of ways an idyllic road trip can go wrong. From wrong turns to meeting evil on the road to ending up at a sinister destination — these are the best road trip horror movies. Make sure to watch them before you make your own car trip this summer.
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1974)
A classic road-trip-gone-wrong horror movie, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre begins with a group of friends driving their van through Texas to check on the grave of Sally and Franklin Hardesty’s grandfather, which has been vandalized. Along the way they pick up a frightening hitchhiker who leads the group to his “whole family of vampires.” Bookending this road-trip horror movie is the famous final scene of TCM in which Sally becomes a hitchhiker and rides away in the back of a truck, screaming.
The Hills Have Eyes (1977)
Written and directed by horror master Wes Craven, The Hills Have Eyes follows the Carter family as they take a road trip to Los Angeles. In Nevada, the family crashes and their dog runs off and is found mutilated. The group learns that there is a family of cannibalistic psychopaths who live in the hills and cannibalize travelers as they pass through the area.
Tourist Trap (1979)
A group of friends traveling through the desert get stranded at a malevolent tourist trap in this supernatural slasher movie. While the proprietor “helps” the gang with one of their vehicles, the group explores a waxwork museum and one of the girls is strangled by an unseen entity and turned into a mannequin. The rest of the group tries to outsmart a masked killer and mannequins that come alive to find their way back to the highway and survive.
Motel Hell (1980)
Motel Hell is a low-budget horror comedy about a sadistic family of cannibals who operate “Motel Hello.” Farmer Vincent Smith and his sister Ida trap motorists to harvest them and sell human meat at their motel. When Farmer Vincent kills a woman’s boyfriend, she recovers at the hotel and eventually agrees to marry him.
Children Of The Corn (1984)
Vicky and Burt are driving through Nebraska on their way to Seattle when they hit a child who has run into the road; they seek help in a small town called Gatlin. They find that the town has been abandoned for three years and is now run by a cult of creepy children. Led by a boy named Isaac, the children worship a corn god they call He Who Walks Behind the Rows.
The Hitcher (1986)
The Hitcher is a road thriller and a cult classic about a man named Jim Halsey (C. Thomas Howell) who is driving a car from Chicago to San Diego. Bored on the long road trip, he picks up a hitchhiker in West Texas. The hitcher (Rutger Hauer) says his name is John Ryder and pulls out a knife before threatening Jim in a very memorable scene. Jim is able to force the hitcher out of his car, and a cat-and-mouse game ensues. The Hitcher was remade in 2007.
The Vanishing (1988)
A woman disappears at a gas station during a road trip with her boyfriend. For three years he searches relentlessly for her, even appearing on TV to appeal to her kidnapper. Finally the kidnapper makes contact and says he will reveal the missing woman’s fate, but only if her boyfriend will agree to experience the answer firsthand.
Jeepers Creepers (2001)
Inspired by a true story shown on an episode of Unsolved Mysteries, Trish and Darry Jenner are a brother and sister traveling home from college on a road trip when they have a creepy encounter with the driver of a dilapidated old truck. Later, they happen upon the driver and it looks like he is disposing bodies into a pipe. The siblings decide to investigate and learn that they have stumbled upon a supernatural killer. Unfortunately, the killer notices the two poking around and becomes intent on chasing them down.
Joy Ride (2001)
Brothers Lewis (Paul Walker) and Fuller (Steve Zahn) Thomas are driving from Salt Lake City home to their parents. To make the road trip more interesting, Fuller installs a CB radio in the car, and the two play a cruel prank on a trucker who goes by the name “Rusty Nail” before picking up Lewis’s crush, Venna (Leelee Sobieski), in Colorado. The brothers learn that they messed with the wrong trucker when Rusty Nail comes after them and reveals he has kidnapped Venna’s friend Charlotte.
Dead End (2003)
A horror movie about a family driving together on Christmas Eve who take a shortcut through the woods. The shortcut takes them on a never-ending road. They meet a woman in white with a baby and attempt to give her a ride to a nearby house. It’s not until the family separates that she reveals the baby she is carrying is actually dead.
House of 1000 Corpses (2003)
A group of friends take a road trip on Halloween eve hoping to write a book about creepy roadside attractions. The gang is lured to the Firefly residence by Baby Firefly posing as a hitchhiker. They are treated to a Halloween show by the family before the real show begins.
Wrong Turn (2003)
Wrong Turn is a slasher film following two groups of people who were on a road trip and end up stranded on a West Virginia back road. Medical student Chris Flynn (Desmond Harrington) and a group of friends including Jessie Burlingame (Eliza Dushku) figure out that they’ve been sabotaged and are being hunted down by a group of inbred mountain people. Together the group tries to outsmart the skilled hunters and make it back to civilization. Wrong Turn is very loosely based on the “true story” of Sawney Bean.
Wolf Creek (2005)
Wolf Creek follows three travelers on a road trip across the Australian Outback. After stopping at the Wolf Creek Crater, the site of an ancient meteorite impact, the trio returns to their car to find the battery dead. A stranger appears in the darkness to offer his help, and it turns out he is a sadistic psychopath who drugs and tortures his prey.
Vacancy (2007)
A bickering couple, David (Luke Wilson) and Amy Fox (Kate Beckinsale), on a road trip to a family party experience car trouble and decide to pull into a roadside motel for the night. Once inside, they discover snuff films in the hotel room’s VHS collection that appear to have been made in that very room. When the couple tries to escape, masked men appear outside and the couple realizes that they are trapped in a snuff film of their own.
Windchill (2007)
Two college students (Ashton Holmes and Emily Blunt) share a ride home from school on a holiday break. When the car breaks down in a snowy and isolated area, the students worry about their safety. However, the appearance of other spirits who have lost their lives on the road appear and make the situation much more terrifying.
Road Games (2015)
Road Games is a scary and violent French mystery thriller about a British hitchhiker named Jack who meets a French hitchhiker named Véronique. The two decide to travel together for safety as there is a serial killer on the loose in the area. A man named Grizard stops and offers the two a ride and upon learning Jack is English, invites them to dinner to meet his English wife. After dinner, Grizard is reluctant to let the couple go and insists they spend the night.
Alone (2020)
Jessica is a single woman traveling alone, trying to deal with her husband’s recent death by suicide. On the road, she keeps encountering a strange man whose attention she rebuffs. When Jessica is in a car accident (due to her vehicle being sabotaged), the man abducts her and holds her hostage at his cabin where he reveals she is not the first woman he has abducted.
Further reading:
-
Brand Stories2 weeks ago
Bloom Hotels: A Modern Vision of Hospitality Redefining Travel
-
Brand Stories2 weeks ago
CheQin.ai sets a new standard for hotel booking with its AI capabilities: empowering travellers to bargain, choose the best, and book with clarity.
-
Destinations & Things To Do2 weeks ago
Untouched Destinations: Stunning Hidden Gems You Must Visit
-
Destinations & Things To Do2 weeks ago
This Hidden Beach in India Glows at Night-But Only in One Secret Season
-
AI in Travel2 weeks ago
AI Travel Revolution: Must-Have Guide to the Best Experience
-
Brand Stories1 month ago
Voice AI Startup ElevenLabs Plans to Add Hubs Around the World
-
Brand Stories4 weeks ago
How Elon Musk’s rogue Grok chatbot became a cautionary AI tale
-
Brand Stories2 weeks ago
Contactless Hospitality: Why Remote Management Technology Is Key to Seamless Guest Experiences
-
Asia Travel Pulse1 month ago
Looking For Adventure In Asia? Here Are 7 Epic Destinations You Need To Experience At Least Once – Zee News
-
AI in Travel1 month ago
‘Will AI take my job?’ A trip to a Beijing fortune-telling bar to see what lies ahead | China