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Ride-pooling and fleet design for electric autonomous mobility-on-demand

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One key area explored by Fabio Paparella in relation to Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand (AMoD) is ride-pooling, where passengers traveling in similar directions share a car.

Paparella’s findings show that ride-pooling significantly reduced traffic and travel times for all travelers. Simulations in New York City demonstrate that ride-pooling became more effective as more people used the service, allowing for an increase in the quality of the service provided.

Electric vehicles

Paparella’s research also looked at electric vehicles for AMoD systems, focusing on how to design fleets and place charging stations efficiently. It showed that the best type of vehicle depended on how many people use the system.

For smaller fleets, vehicles with fewer seats might be better, but for larger fleets, using cars with more seats—even if they use more energy—led to better results.

It also identified the best ways to manage battery sizes and charging to keep costs low and ensure vehicles were available when needed. For example, a 20-kWh battery was found to be the best size for balancing cost, charging needs, and the ability to meet demand in New York City.

Vehicle-to-grid

Finally, the study explored how using vehicle batteries to send energy back to the grid (called vehicle-to-grid, or V2G) could impact costs and battery life. Paparella found that V2G can sometimes do more harm than good unless carefully planned to avoid unnecessary battery wear.

Overall, this research lays the groundwork for smarter, more efficient AMoD systems that could make transportation in cities cleaner, cheaper, and better for everyone. By focusing on optimizing ride-pooling, electric vehicle design, and charging strategies, these systems could offer a real alternative to private cars, reducing traffic and emissions while meeting the needs of modern urban travel.

Title of PhD thesis: Electric Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand: Models and Algorithms for Ride-pooling and Fleet Design. Supervisors: Theo Hofman and Mauro Salazar Villalon.



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Uber and Baidu partner to launch autonomous ride-hailing in global markets

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Uber Technologies Inc. and Baidu Inc. have announced a multi-year strategic partnership to deploy autonomous vehicles (AVs) across selected global markets outside the United States and mainland China.

The agreement will see Baidu’s Apollo Go driverless vehicles integrated into the Uber platform, with initial operations expected to begin in Asia and the Middle East later this year.

The partnership aims to enhance ride-hailing services by expanding the availability of autonomous mobility solutions through Uber’s platform.

The collaboration is designed to increase the supply of affordable and reliable rides by supplementing existing transport networks with advanced driverless technology.

Under the terms of the agreement, users requesting eligible Uber trips may be offered the option to travel in a fully autonomous Apollo Go vehicle.

READ MORE: UK DfT fast-tracks self-driving pilots

This marks a significant step in the commercial deployment of AVs beyond pilot programmes and limited urban trials.

Apollo Go currently operates more than 1,000 fully autonomous vehicles and has established a presence in 15 cities worldwide, including Dubai and Abu Dhabi.

As of May 2025, Baidu reports that Apollo Go has provided over 11 million autonomous rides to the public, making it the most widely used driverless ride-hailing service globally by volume.

Co-founder, chairman, and CEO of Baidu, Robin Li, said: “We are committed to bringing the benefit of autonomous driving technology to more people in more markets, and this partnership with Uber represents a major milestone in deploying our technology on a global scale.

“We look forward to working with Uber to deliver safe and efficient autonomous mobility solutions to riders around the world.”

Achievements and innovations in connected autonomous vehicles will be recognised and celebrated at the fourth annual CiTTi Awards on 25 November 2025 at De Vere Grand Connaught Rooms in London. Visit www.cittiawards.co.uk to learn more about this unmissable event for the UK’s transportation sector!



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Kakao Mobility pursues Waymo, Baidu partnerships for driverless taxis

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A Kakao Mobility self-driving car is being tested in the Pangyo area of Seongnam, Gyeonggi. [KAKAO MOBILITY]

 
Kakao Mobility, Korea’s top ride-hailing platform operator, is reportedly in talks with global autonomous vehicle leaders to launch a self-driving taxi service in Korea.
 
Kakao Mobility is pursuing partnerships with the U.S.-based Waymo and China’s Baidu to bring autonomous taxis, also known as robotaxis, to the domestic market through its Kakao T platform, which currently holds over 90 percent of Korea’s taxi-hailing market, according to industry sources and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport on Friday.
 
 
If these collaborations are finalized and relevant regulatory frameworks are established, Korean users may be able to summon Waymo or Baidu robotaxis via Kakao Mobility’s platform.
 
The two companies are recognized as leaders in autonomous driving technology. In a March report by global market research firm Guidehouse, Waymo ranked first and Baidu second in autonomous vehicle technology.
 
“Both companies already operate fully autonomous taxi services — without safety drivers — in urban centers in the United States and China,” an industry official said. “They are widely considered front-runners in autonomous driving with a significant technological lead over competitors.”
 
Should these robotaxis be introduced to Korea, they would undergo adjustments to meet the country’s road conditions and traffic systems before being deployed for public service.  
 

A Waymo robotaxi seen on a road in San Francisco, California on Oct. 11, 2024 [YONHAP]

 
Kakao Mobility hopes the vehicles will help accelerate the accumulation of real-world driving data and spur domestic development in the autonomous vehicle sector.
 
“Rapid progress in autonomous technology requires continuous learning through on-road data,” one automotive expert explained. “Waymo and Baidu have proven the safety of their vehicles in real traffic environments and continue to collect valuable driving data.”
 
However, even if agreements are reached, significant legal and logistical hurdles remain. Under current Korean law, fully driverless vehicles are not permitted on public roads. Operational areas for autonomous vehicles are also limited.
 
Expanding to the level of widespread robotaxi deployment seen in parts of the United States and China will take time and require cooperation with Korea’s taxi industry.
 
“We are in discussions with several leading domestic and international companies regarding service collaborations,” said Kakao Mobility. “However, as talks are ongoing, no specific details or finalized agreements can be disclosed at this time.”
 

Baidu’s robotaxi RT6, currently in operation in Wuhan, China and other areas, is seen in this photo provided by the company. [BAIDU]

 

Translated from the JoongAng Ilbo using generative AI and edited by Korea JoongAng Daily staff.
BY YUN JUNG-MIN [[email protected]]





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Bolt launches Family Profile in Nigeria to simplify shared rides – Innovation Village

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Ride-hailing company Bolt has unveiled a new Family Profile feature in Nigeria, aimed at transforming how families and small support networks coordinate transportation. This new addition enables a single user to manage and pay for rides on behalf of up to nine other people—all within one Bolt account. The move marks a significant shift toward inclusive mobility solutions in a market characterized by communal living and informal ride coordination.

While Bolt is not the first to launch such a feature—Uber pioneered the concept in the ride-hailing space—the platform is strategically adapting the idea to meet Nigeria’s unique mobility dynamics, where multi-generational households are common and transportation responsibilities are often shared among family members.

With the new Family Profile, users can add multiple individuals to a shared account, set monthly ride budgets, and receive real-time notifications about trips. This eliminates the need for constant coordination over phone calls or text messages, which, according to Bolt’s internal data, previously characterized around 2–6% of all rides in Nigeria. These trips often required the payer to relay driver details, track trip progress manually, and resolve post-ride payment concerns—an inefficient and often frustrating process.

Now, riders under the Family Profile can independently request trips through their own Bolt app, while the primary account holder retains complete financial oversight and visibility into ride histories and expenditures. The launch of this feature is part of Bolt’s broader strategy to localize its services and address real-world challenges faced by Nigerian users. For families with elderly members or relatives who may not be tech-savvy, the Family Profile offers a convenient way to ensure safe and reliable transportation without requiring them to navigate the app independently.

“At Bolt, we want to make ride-hailing work for the way people actually move,” said Osi Oguah, Country Manager for Bolt Nigeria. “Family Profile is a simple but powerful way to support others—whether it’s aging parents, adult children, or household staff—without the stress of managing every trip manually. It’s about offering control, visibility, and convenience in one seamless experience.”

The Family Profile maintains Bolt’s strict safety protocols. All added members must be at least 18 years old and possess verified Bolt accounts. The company has clarified that rides cannot be booked for unaccompanied minors, citing legal and safety reasons. However, the feature remains ideal for scheduling transportation for older adults or coordinating rides for family members with limited digital literacy.

This update builds on Bolt’s existing in-app safety features such as trip verification codes, live location sharing, real-time ride monitoring, and emergency assistance options—tools designed to reassure users in an increasingly safety-conscious market.

Bolt’s launch of the Family Profile also comes shortly after reporting a 42% drop in offline (untracked) rides over the past three months, a sign that users are increasingly turning to digital tools for secure and transparent transportation. By integrating family-focused features, Bolt reinforces its ambition to lead the ride-hailing industry in both safety and user empowerment.

The rollout of Family Profile is not just a feature upgrade; it’s a strategic evolution of Bolt’s services, grounded in the everyday realities of Nigerian households. As mobility continues to digitize across the country, innovations like this are likely to play a crucial role in shaping how families move together—safely, efficiently, and with greater peace of mind.



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