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Kumbh Mela | Significance, Festival, History, & Maha Kumbh

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Kumbha Mela

Kumbh Mela, Hindu religious festival and the world’s largest public gathering. The 2019 event at Prayagraj attracted more than 200 million people, including 50 million on the festival’s most auspicious day. The Kumbh Mela, which translates to “Festival of the Sacred Pitcher” (kumbh meaning “pitcher” and mela meaning “festival”), is one of the most sacred pilgrimages for Hindus and is recognized by UNESCO on its Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

The main festival is celebrated among four sacred sites in India, each located along the banks of a holy river, in a 12-year cycle. These sites are: Haridwar on the Ganges River in Uttarakhand, Ujjain on the Shipra in Madhya Pradesh, Nashik on the Godavari in Maharashtra, and Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh where the Ganges, the Yamuna, and the mythical Saraswati rivers converge. Each site’s celebration is based on a distinct set of astronomical positions of the Sun, the Moon, and Jupiter, the holiest time occurring at the exact moment when these positions are fully occupied.

Types of Kumbh Melas

The Kumbh Melas, each lasting several weeks, are observed at various times and locations according to the Hindu tradition. These gatherings hold great spiritual significance and attract millions of devotees from across the world. The frequency of the melas varies, some occurring annually and the Maha Kumbh Mela (“Great Kumbh Festival”) taking place every 144 years in Prayagraj.

Britannica Quiz

Hindu Holiday Quiz

Kumbh Melas
mela occurrence location
Magh Mela once a year Prayagraj
Kumbh Mela once every 3 years Haridwar, Prayagraj, Nashik, and Ujjain
Ardh Kumbh Mela once every 6 years Haridwar and Prayagraj
Purna Kumbh Mela once every 12 years Haridwar, Prayagraj, Nashik, and Ujjain
Maha Kumbh Mela once every 144 years Prayagraj

History

Tradition ascribes the Kumbh Mela’s origin to the 8th-century philosopher Shankara, who instituted regular gatherings of learned ascetics for discussion and debate. The founding myth of the Kumbh Mela—attributed to the Puranas (collections of myth and legend)—recounts how the gods and demons fought over the pot (kumbha) of amrit, the elixir of immortality produced by their joint churning of the milky ocean. This churning of the ocean is widely known as the Samudra Manthana or Sagara Manthana. To prevent the demons from winning the elixir, enchantress Mohini, an avatar of Lord Vishnu, seized the pot and carried it to heaven. As she did so, drops of the elixir fell on the Kumbh Mela’s four earthly sites (Haridwar, Nashik, Prayagraj, and Ujjain). At the climactic moment of each mela, it is believed that the rivers at those holy sites transform into vessels of that primordial nectar of immortality that conveys benefits to pilgrims.

Another mention of the Kumbh Mela can be found in the accounts of renowned Chinese traveler Xuanzang, who documented the magnificence of the Kumbh Mela during his visit to India during 629–645 ce. His writings highlight King Harsha’s generous acts at the sacred confluence of rivers, where the king bestowed gifts and donations upon scholars and ascetics. King Harsha was also noted for organizing a grand quinquennial gathering at the holy confluence in Prayag (modern Prayagraj), during which he donated all his possessions.

The term kumbh comes from the Sanskrit word kumbha, or “pitcher,” but it is also the Sanskrit name for Aquarius, the sign of the zodiac in which Jupiter resides during the Haridwar mela.

Attendees

Attendees at the Kumbh Mela come from all sections of Hindu religious life, including sadhus (holy men), some of whom remain naked year-round or practice the most severe physical discipline; hermits, who leave their isolation only for these pilgrimages; and even silk-clad teachers using the latest technology. The religious organizations represented are as varied as social welfare societies and political lobbyists. Vast crowds of disciples, friends, and spectators join the individual ascetics and organizations. The holiest spot at the Kumbh Mela is claimed by the militant ascetic orders known as naga sadhus, whose members formerly made their livings as mercenary soldiers and traders. Although the Indian government now enforces an established bathing order, history records bloody disputes between groups vying for precedence.

Rituals and ceremonies

The Kumbh Mela is a confluence of diverse rituals and ceremonies, each contributing to the festival’s profound spiritual importance. These rituals offer pathways to purification, enlightenment, and communal harmony to the devotees.

Akhara

The term akhara is derived from the Hindi word for a wrestling arena and reflects the focus on both spiritual growth and physical discipline. Historically, akharas were centers of learning and defense, safeguarding Hinduism during societal changes and invasions. They protected sacred sites and provided structure for ascetics renouncing worldly life.

Peshwai procession

The commencement of the Kumbh Mela is marked by the Peshwai procession, a ceremonial entry of the akharas (traditional Hindu monastic organizations that blend spiritual and martial disciplines) into the festival grounds. Riding on elephants, horses, and chariots, adorned with traditional regalia, the saints and seers proceed through the streets, blessing onlookers. Rooted in ancient traditions, akharas preserve religious practices, philosophies, and physical training.

Akharas in Kumbh Mela
akhara beliefs and practices role in Kumbh Mela
Niranjani meditation, yoga, and sacred texts; focuses on purity and detachment hosts spiritual discourses and rituals
Vaishnava bhakti, yoga, mantras, and scriptures such as the Bhagavadgita; emphasizes devotion and service offers kirtans (devotional singing), spiritual teachings, and rituals
Mahanirvani asceticism, yoga, celibacy, and devotion to Shiva for spiritual liberation rituals and processions that highlight Shaiva heritage
Juna rigorous training, meditation, austerity, and scripture study for enlightenment grand processions with sadhus, elephants, and music, marking the spiritual commencement of the festival
Kinnar social justice, equality, and spiritual inclusion of transgender individuals symbolizes diversity, challenges norms, and promotes acceptance, drawing widespread attention

Arti

The evening arti is a devotional ritual that involves the offering of light to the deities by waving lit oil lamps, accompanied by hymns and chants. Performed on the riverbanks during the melas, the arti creates a spiritually charged atmosphere and exhibits the devotees’ veneration of the sacred rivers.

Snan (bath)

Devotees from all over the world travel to the sites of the mela to take a bath (snan, or snanam) in the holy rivers. The act of bathing is believed to cleanse the soul of all the impurities and sins and help attain moksha (liberation from the cycle of birth and death). At the heart of the Kumbh Mela lies the Shahi Snan (Royal Bath), considered the pinnacle of the festival’s rituals. During this ceremony, the akharas lead grand processions to the riverbanks. The naga sadhus, recognizable by their ash-covered bodies and renunciation of clothing, stand out strikingly, especially given their typically reclusive lifestyle. Their presence creates a remarkable spectacle amid the throngs of Hindu devotees. Their dip sets a sanctified precedent for millions of pilgrims who follow.

Yajnas (fire ceremonies)

Yajnas are sacred fire rituals conducted by priests and spiritual leaders. Offerings such as ghee, grains, and herbs are poured into the consecrated fire amidst the chanting of mantras from the sacred Vedic texts. These ceremonies aim to purify the environment, seek divine favor, and to maintain the natural order of nature.

Deep daan

As dusk descends on the most auspicious day of the festival, the ritual of deep daan (lamp offering) illuminates the riverbanks. Devotees light earthen lamps and set them afloat on the waters; this symbolizes the dispelling of darkness and ignorance while inviting divine blessings and inner enlightenment.

Stampedes

Despite being illustrative of India’s rich cultural and religious heritage, the Kumbh Mela has been marred by tragedy, notably stampedes and occasional violence, leading to substantial loss of life and raising concerns about crowd management and safety protocols.

One of the earliest and most catastrophic stampedes occurred during the 1954 Kumbh Mela in Allahabad (now Prayagraj), resulting in an estimated 1,000 deaths. Considerable security measures were put into effect; even so, subsequent Kumbh Melas have witnessed similar tragedies. In 2003, during the Nashik Kumbh Mela, a stampede led to the deaths of at least 39 pilgrims and injured more than 100 people. The incident was reportedly caused by a scramble among devotees to collect coins thrown by sadhus. A stampede at the 2010 Haridwar Kumbh Mela claimed seven lives (five women, one man, and an infant) and injured 17 people. Two individuals drowned in a separate stampede at the mela. A particularly tragic event unfolded on February 10, 2013, during the Kumbh Mela in Allahabad (now Prayagraj): a stampede at the railway station resulted in 36 fatalities and numerous injuries. At least 15 people lost their lives, and many others were injured during the Shahi Snan at the 2025 Kumbh Mela.

Volunteer camps

The phenomenon of people becoming lost from their loved ones has been reflected in some Bollywood films based on the lost-and-found formula. The “Kumbh Mele mein bichde huye” (“lost at the Kumbh Mela”) trope was used in the films Adhikar (1954; “Right”) and Do Anjaane (1976; “Two Strangers”).

The festival draws millions of pilgrims, and inevitably a large number of people become lost. The melas now run lost-and-found camps to aid those who have become separated from their companions. Operated by volunteers, these camps serve as a sanctuary for those who find themselves disoriented, offering not just logistical help but also emotional support. The scenes at these camps are a poignant mix of anxiety and hope. Some centers use modern methods such as computerized records and face recognition technology to manage the influx of missing persons. Some camps dedicated to women and children ensure the safety of the youngest and most vulnerable attendees.

Tamanna Nangia The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica



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MP now heartbeat of global tourism, 134.1 million tourists visited last year

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Jaipur, July 19 (IANS) With its sweeping landscapes, sacred rivers, vibrant culture and world-class heritage, Madhya Pradesh is no longer just the ‘Heart of India’ — it’s becoming the heartbeat of global tourism.

This message rang loud and clear during the Madhya Pradesh Tourism Board’s roadshow held at Jaipur’s Jai Mahal Hotel on Friday.

Speaking to a packed event of tourism stakeholders, filmmakers, and hospitality professionals from both Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, Additional Managing Director of Madhya Pradesh Tourism Board, Bidisha Mukherjee, highlighted the state’s soaring popularity.

In 2024 alone, Madhya Pradesh welcomed 134.1 million tourists, with 70 million visiting for religious and spiritual experience, to Mahakaleshwar and Omkareshwar Jyotirlingas, Chitrakoot, Maihar, and Amarkantak, the sacred origin of the Narmada River.

But spiritual tourism is just one facet of Madhya Pradesh’s appeal.

“We want to showcase the hidden gems of Madhya Pradesh to the world,” Mukherjee said.

“From majestic temples to dense jungles, from tribal art to local cuisine — we’re creating experiences, not just sightseeing tours. We’re building a sustainable, immersive, and community-led tourism model that speaks to the soul of every traveller.”

In an interesting pitch, she proposed an exciting expansion of the iconic Golden Triangle tourism circuit which she said can work miracles if turned into an arch.

“Imagine tourists travelling from Agra to Gwalior, then exploring the Orchha-Gwalior-Datia belt,” she said.

“Those coming from Chittorgarh can easily explore Mandsaur, Ujjain and Omkareshwar — blending Rajasthan’s desert heritage with Madhya Pradesh’s water sports and adventure tourism offerings in a single trip.”

She also added that Madhya Pradesh is home to three UNESCO World Heritage Sites — Khajuraho, Sanchi and Bhimbetka — and 15 others on India’s tentative list, making up a quarter of the country’s UNESCO sites.

Madhya Pradesh also boasts a vibrant cultural identity, with tribal traditions like the Bhagoria dance, Gond paintings, and the Narmada Parikrama pilgrimage recognised on India’s National Intangible Cultural Heritage list, she said.

With titles like Tiger State, Leopard State, Cheetah State, and even Vulture and Gharial State, Madhya Pradesh has something for every nature lover, Mukherjee added.

It is a wildlife haven and with all these products, the number of tourists soared from 11.41 crore to 13.42 during 2023 to 2024, she said.

With the upcoming Tourism Policy 2025, Madhya Pradesh is also rolling out the red carpet for investors, she added.

The policy offers attractive incentives, including 90-year land leases, low stamp duties, and e-tender processes for accessing land, wayside amenities, and heritage properties.

Ultra-mega tourism projects with investments more than Rs 100 crore can even be allocated land directly.

The Madhya Pradesh Tourism officials also said: “It is not tourists who are flocking to Madhya Pradesh — the film industry is also being lured to the state. With a dedicated Film Facilitation Cell, shooting permissions are now fast-tracked. Since the launch of its film policy, more than 400 film and OTT projects have been shot in Madhya Pradesh, including Stree, Stree 2, Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3, Sui Dhaaga, Laapataa Ladies, Padman, Dhadak 2, Panchayat, Kota Factory, Gullak, and Citadel.”

No surprise then that the Indian government named Madhya Pradesh the “Most Film-Friendly State” for 2017–2020, she added.

Mukherjee concluded with a smile, saying: “Madhya Pradesh offers ‘sab kuch jo dil chahe’. The world is welcome to discover it.”

–IANS

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5 Spiritual Destinations You Can Visit with Your Partner – News18

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5 Spiritual Destinations You Can Visit with Your Partner  News18



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First spiritual tourism roadmap for Isfahan bazaar planned

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TEHRAN — Isfahan Municipality is set to officially unveil the spiritual tourism routes of Isfahan, highlighting saqqakhanehs (traditional places providing water to the passersby), seminaries, and mosques located within the city’s ancient bazaar, said Alireza Massah, who presides over the municipality’s tourism office.

Speaking at a press conference of a cultural event themed “Isfahan, a Narrative of Love and Art” with focus on spiritual tourism, handicrafts and Muharram rituals, he said all the facilities of Cultural Complex of Isfahan Municipality’s District Four have been made available to the “Narrative of Love and Art” exhibition, Mehr news agency reported.

He said, “Our cultural colleagues have done their best to prepare the space in Chahar Bagh Boulevard in recent days.”

Since the exhibition will continue until 22 at nights, the coordination has been made with Isfahan and Suburbs Bus Company for transferring the artisans and citizens until that time, he added.

Pointing to the special potentials of ritual tourism in Isfahan, he said Takht-e Foulad site is one of the important centers of Isfahan’s spiritual and religious tourism.

This site is not only valuable in terms of architecture and history, the carvings on tombstones, the calligraphy lines, and the mystical concepts engraved on the tombstones are themselves a living museum of the religious beliefs of the people of this land, he mentioned.

He gave news of the role of Specialized Office of National and Ritual Arts of Isfahan Municipality in this event, saying: “This office with cooperation of other cultural bodies, will launch stands in Chahar Bagh and also perform special artistic programs in public space. The event is an opportunity to showcase the artistic potentials associated with religious and spiritual rituals.”

Massah also gave news of planning for revival of spiritual tourism in Isfahan’s historical Bazaar, adding that Isfahan Bazar is full of religious spaces, which includes traditional saqqakhanehs, mosques, seminaries and Hosseinieh which are rooted in Muharram history and culture. 

All of them are proper grounds for planning new tourism routes with spiritual approach, he pointed out.

He expressed the hope that these new routes can familiarize domestic and foreign tourists with rarely-seen manifestation of Isfahan cultural heritage, a heritage which has deep ties with Muharram rituals and public beliefs. 

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